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- The Eucharist
-
- Fundamentalist attacks on the Catholic religion usually
- focus on the Eucharist. This demonstrates opponents of the
- Church recognize what Catholicism's core devotional doctrine is.
- What's more, the attacks show fundamentalists are not always
- literalists. This is seen in their interpretation of the key
- Bible passage, chapter six of St. John's Gospel, in which Christ
- speaks about the sacrament that will be instituted at the Last
- Supper. This tract examines the last half of that chapter.
- John 6:30 begins a colloquy which took place in the
- synagogue at Capharnaum. The Jews asked Jesus what sign he could
- perform, and, as a challenge, they noted that "our fathers had
- manna to eat in the desert." Could Jesus top that? He told them
- the real bread from heaven comes from the Father. "Give us this
- bread," they asked. Jesus replied, "It is I who am the bread of
- life." At this point the Jews understood him to be speaking
- metaphorically.
- Jesus first repeated what he said, then summarized: "I
- myself am the bread that has come down from heaven. If anyone
- eats of this bread, he shall live forever. And now, what is this
- bread that I am to give? It is my flesh, given for the life of
- the world." The Jews, incredulous, asked, "How can this man give
- us his flesh to eat?"
- His listeners were stupefied because now they understood
- Jesus literally--and correctly. He again repeated his words, but
- with even greater emphasis, and introduced the statement about
- drinking His blood: "You can have no life in yourselves, unless
- you eat the flesh of the Son of Man, and drink his blood. The
- man who eats my flesh and drinks my blood enjoys eternal life,
- and I will raise him up on the last day. My flesh is real food,
- my blood is real drink. He who eats my flesh, and drinks my
- blood, lives continually in me, and I in him" (John 6:54-57).
- Notice Jesus made no attempt to soften what he said, no
- attempt to correct "misunderstandings," for there were none. Our
- Lord's listeners understood him perfectly well. They no longer
- thought he was speaking metaphorically. If they had, if they
- mistook what he said, why no correction? On other occasions,
- whenever there was confusion, Christ explained just what he
- meant. Here, where any misunderstanding would be fatal, there
- was no effort to correct. Instead, he repeated himself.
- In John 6:61 we read: "There were many of his disciples who
- said, when they heard it, This is strange talk, who can be
- expected to listen to it?" These were his disciples, mind you,
- people who were used to his remarkable ways. He warned them not
- to think carnally, but spiritually: "Only the spirit gives life;
- the flesh is of no avail; and the words I have been speaking to
- you are spirit, and life." But he knew some did not believe,
- including the one who was to betray him. (It is here, in the
- rejection of the Eucharist, that Judas fell away; look at John
- 6:65.) "After this, many of his disciples went back to their own
- ways, and walked no more in his company" (John 6:67).
- This is the only record we have of any of Christ's followers
- forsaking him for purely doctrinal reasons. If it had all been a
- misunderstanding, if they erred in taking a metaphor in a literal
- sense, why didn't he call them back and straighten things out?
- Both the Jews, who were suspicious of him, and his disciples, who
- had accepted everything up to this point, would have remained had
- he told them he meant no more than a figure or a token.
- But he did not correct these first protesters. Twelve times
- he said he was the bread that came down from heaven; four times
- he said they would have "to eat my flesh and drink my blood."
- John 6 was an extended promise of what would be instituted at the
- Last Supper--and it was a promise that could not be more
- explicit. Or so it would seem to a Catholic. But what do
- fundamentalists say?
- They say that in John 6 Jesus was not talking about
- physical, but spiritual food and drink. They quote John 6:35:
- "It is I who am the bread of life; he who comes to me will never
- be hungry, he who has faith in me will never know thirst." They
- claim coming to him is bread, having faith in him is drink.
- Thus, eating his flesh and blood merely means believing in
- Christ.
- But there is a problem with that interpretation. As Fr.
- John O'Brien explains, "The phrase 'to eat the flesh and drink
- the blood,' when used figuratively among the Jews, as among the
- Arabs of today, meant to inflict upon a person some serious
- injury, especially by calumny or by false accusation. To
- interpret the phrase figuratively then would be to make our Lord
- promise life everlasting to the culprit for slandering and hating
- him, which would reduce the whole passage to utter nonsense."
-
- Fundamentalist writers who comment on John 6 also assert one
- can show Christ was speaking only metaphorically by comparing
- verses like John 10:9 ("I am the door") and John 15:1 ("I am the
- true vine"). The problem is that there is no real connection to
- John 6:35: "It is I who am the bread of life." "I am the door"
- and "I am the vine" make sense as metaphors because Christ is
- like a door--we go to heaven through him--and he is also like a
- vine--we get our spiritual sap through him. But Christ takes
- John 6:35 far beyond a mere metaphor. He excludes any symbolism
- by saying, "My flesh is real food, my blood is real drink" (John
- 6:6:56). He goes on: "As I live because of the Father, the living
- Father who has sent me, so he who eats me will live, in his turn,
- because of me" (John 6:58). The Greek word used for "eats" is
- very blunt and has the sense of "gnaws." This is not the
- language of metaphor.
- For fundamentalist writers, the scriptural argument is
- capped by an appeal to John 6:63: "Only the spirit gives life;
- the flesh is of no avail; and the words I have been speaking to
- you are spirit, and life." They say this means that eating real
- flesh is a waste. But does this makes sense? Are we to
- understand that Christ, who had just commanded his disciples to
- eat his flesh, then said their doing so would be pointless? Is
- that what "the flesh is of no avail" means? "Eat my flesh, but
- you'll find it's a waste of time"--is that what he was saying?
- And were the disciples to understand the line "the words I have
- been speaking to you are spirit, and life" as nothing but a
- circumlocution (and a clumsy one at that) for "symbolic"? No one
- can come up such interpretations unless he first holds to the
- fundamentalist position and thinks it necessary to find a
- rationale, no matter how forced, for evading the Catholic
- interpretation. In John 6:63 "flesh" does not refer to Christ's
- own flesh--the context makes this clear--but to mankind's
- inclination to think on a natural, not a spiritual, level. And
- "The words I have been speaking to you are spirit" does not mean
- "What I have just said is symbolic." The word "spirit" is never
- used that way in the Bible. The line means that what Christ has
- said will be understood only through faith.
- Anti-Catholics also claim the early Church took this chapter
- symbolically. Is that so? Let's see what some early Christians
- thought, keeping in mind that we can learn much about how
- Scripture should be interpreted by examining the writings of
- early Christians.
- Ignatius of Antioch, who had been a disciple of the Apostle
- John and who wrote an epistle to the Smyrnaeans about A.D. 110,
- said, referring to "those who hold heterodox opinions," that
- "they abstain from the Eucharist and from prayer, because they do
- not confess that the Eucharist is the flesh of our Savior Jesus
- Christ, flesh which suffered for our sins and which the Father,
- in his goodness, raised up again."
- Forty years later, Justin Martyr wrote, "Not as common bread
- nor common drink do we receive these; but since Jesus Christ our
- Savior was made incarnate by the word of God and had both flesh
- and blood for our salvation, so too, as we have been taught, the
- food which has been made into the Eucharist by the Eucharistic
- prayer set down by him, and by the change of which our blood and
- flesh is nourished, is both the flesh and the blood of that
- incarnated Jesus."
- Origen, in a homily written about A.D. 244, attested to
- belief in the Real Presence. "I wish to admonish you with
- examples from your religion. You are accustomed to take part in
- the divine mysteries, so you know how, when you have received the
- Body of the Lord, you reverently exercise every care lest a
- particle of it fall and lest anything of the consecrated gift
- perish. You account yourselves guilty, and rightly do you so
- believe, if any of it be lost through negligence."
- Athanasius, who was bishop of Alexandria, said this in A.D.
- 373 to some newly baptized Christians: "So long as the prayers of
- supplication and entreaties have not been made, there is only
- bread and wine. But after the great and wonderful prayers have
- been completed, then the bread is become the Body, and the wine
- the Blood, of our Lord Jesus Christ."
- As a final example (taken from dozens that could have been
- used), Cyril of Jerusalem, in a catechetical lecture presented in
- the middle of the fourth century, said: "Do not, therefore,
- regard the Bread and Wine as simply that; for they are, according
- to the Master's declaration, the Body and Blood of Christ. Even
- though the senses suggest to you the other, let faith make you
- firm. Do not judge in this matter by taste, but be fully assured
- by faith, not doubting that you have been deemed worthy of the
- Body and Blood of Christ."
- Whatever else might be said, it is certain the early Church
- took John 6 literally. In fact, there is no record from the
- early centuries that implies Christians doubted the constant
- Catholic interpretation. There exists no document in which the
- literal interpretation is opposed and only the metaphorical
- accepted.
- Then why do fundamentalists so ardently reject the literal
- interpretation of John 6? Their problem is that their religion
- largely lacks the mysterious. (A mystery is a truth which can be
- known only by revelation, not by reason.) More precisely, they
- acknowledge only those mysteries which are purely spiritual, such
- as the Trinity. They know the doctrine of the Trinity has been
- revealed, that something about the Trinity can be known, that
- certain deductions can be drawn from what is known, and they
- realize that the essence of the Trinity lies beyond human
- comprehension, and they are happy to leave it at that. But, when
- it comes to mysteries that involve the mixing of spirit and
- matter--that is, when it comes to the sacraments--a kind of
- Docetism shows.
- For fundamentalists, Catholic sacraments are out because
- they necessitate a spiritual reality, grace, being conveyed by
- means of matter. This seems a violation of the divine plan.
- Matter is not to be used, but overcome or avoided, and in this
- lies the unease with which Protestantism has always viewed the
- Incarnation. One suspects, had they been asked by the Creator
- their opinion of how to effect mankind's salvation,
- fundamentalists would have advised him to adopt a different
- approach. How cleaner things would be if spirit never dirtied
- itself with matter! But God, quite literally, loves matter--and
- he loves it so much that he comes to us under the appearance of
- bread and wine.
-
- --Karl Keating
- Catholic Answers
- P.O. Box 17181
- San Diego, CA 92117